Soyuz 11 Disaster in Space

Space exploration is dangerous. Just ask the astronauts and cosmonauts who do it. They train for safe space flight and the agencies who send them to space work very hard to make conditions as safe as possible. Astronauts will tell you that while it looks like fun, space flight is (like any other extreme flight) comes with its own set of dangers. This is something the crew of Soyuz 11 found out too late, from a small malfunction that ended their lives.   A Loss for the Soviets Both American and Soviet space programs have lost astronauts in the line of duty. The Soviets biggest major tragedy came after they lost the race to the Moon. After  the Americans landed  Apollo 11  on July 20, 1969, the Soviet space agency turned its attention towards constructing space stations, a task they became quite good at, but not without problems.   Their first station was called  Salyut 1 and was launched on April 19, 1971. It was the earliest predecessor for the later Skylab and the current  International Space Station missions. The Soviets built Salyut 1 primarily to study the effects of long-term space flight on humans, plants, and for meteorological research. It also included a spectrogram telescope, Orion 1, and gamma-ray telescope Anna III. Both were used for astronomical studies. It was all very ambitious, but the very first crewed flight to the station in 1971 ended in disaster. A Troubled Beginning Salyut 1’s first crew launched aboard Soyuz 10 on April 22, 1971. Cosmonauts Vladimir Shatalov, Alexei Yeliseyev, and Nikolai Rukavishnikov were aboard. When they reached the station and attempted to dock on April 24, the hatch would not open. After making a second attempt, the mission was canceled and the crew returned home. Problems occurred during reentry and the ship’s air supply became toxic. Nikolai Rukavishnikov passed out, but he and the other two men recovered fully. The next Salyut crew, scheduled to launch aboard Soyuz 11, were three experienced fliers: Valery Kubasov, Alexei Leonov, and Pyotr Kolodin. Prior to launch, Kubasov was suspected of having contracted tuberculosis, which caused the Soviet space authorities to replace this crew with their backups, Georgi Dobrovolski, Vladislav Volkov and Viktor Patsayev, who launched on June 6, 1971. A Successful Docking After the docking problems that Soyuz 10 experienced, the Soyuz 11 crew used automated systems to maneuver within a hundred meters of the station. Then they hand-docked the ship. However, problems plagued this mission, too. The primary instrument aboard the station, the Orion telescope, would not function because its cover failed to jettison. The cramped working conditions and  a personality clash between the commander Dobrovolskiy (a rookie) and the veteran Volkov made it very difficult to conduct experiments. After a small fire flared up, the mission was cut short and the astronauts departed after 24 days, instead of the planned 30. Despite these problems, the mission was still considered a success. Disaster Strikes Shortly after Soyuz 11 undocked and made an initial retrofire, communication was lost with the crew far earlier than normal. Usually, contact is lost during the atmospheric re-entry, which is to be expected. Contact with the crew was lost long before the capsule entered the atmosphere. It descended and made a soft landing and was recovered on June 29, 1971, 23:17 GMT. When the hatch was opened, rescue personnel found all three crew members dead.   What could have happened? Space tragedies require thorough investigation so that mission planners can understand what happened and why. The Soviet space agencys investigation showed that a valve which was not supposed to open until an altitude of four kilometers was reached had been jerked open during the undocking maneuver. This caused the cosmonauts oxygen to bleed into space. The crew tried to close the valve but ran out of time. Due to space limitations, they were not wearing space suits. The official Soviet document on the accident explained more fully:   At approximately 723 seconds after retrofire, the 12 Soyuz pyro cartridges fired simultaneously instead of sequentially to separate the two modules .... the force of the discharge caused the internal mechanism of the pressure equalization valve to release a seal that was usually discarded pyrotechnically much later to adjust the cabin pressure automatically. When the valve opened at a height of 168 kilometers the gradual but steady loss of pressure was fatal to the crew within about 30 seconds. By 935 seconds after retrofire, the cabin pressure had dropped to zero...only thorough analysis of telemetry records of the attitude control system thruster firings that had been made to counteract the force of the escaping gases and through the pyrotechnic powder traces found in the throat of the pressure equalization valve were Soviet specialists able to determine that the valve had malfunctioned and had been the sole cause of the deaths. The End of Salyut The USSR did not send any other crews to Salyut 1. It  was later deorbited and burned up on reentry.  Later crews were limited to two cosmonauts, to allow room for the required space suits during take-off and landing. It was a bitter lesson in spacecraft design and safety, for which three men paid with their lives.   At latest count, 18 space fliers (including the crew of Salyut 1) have died in accidents and malfunctions. As humans continue to explore space, there will be more deaths, because space is, as the late astronaut Gus Grissom once pointed out, a risky business. He also said that the conquest of space is worth the risk of life, and people in space agencies around the world today recognize that risk even as they seek to explore beyond Earth. Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Prison Education Essay - 4573 Words

Proceedings of The National Conference On Undergraduate Research (NCUR) 2009 University of Wisconsin La-Crosse La-Crosse, Wisconsin April 16 - 18, 2009 Prison Culture, Education, and Recidivism Rates Caleb L. Fry and Lauren T. Rios Department of Anthropology Lake Tahoe Community College One College Drive South Lake Tahoe, California 96150 USA Faculty Advisor: Daryl G. Frazetti Abstract Given the number of inmates in the prison system and the high level of recidivism, it is important to seek out possible solutions to this growing problem. By implementing more educationally and vocationally oriented programs it is possible that current recidivism rates can be reduced, thereby offering some relief for existing overcrowding conditions.†¦show more content†¦Table 1. percentage of educational programs offered at federal, state, and local levels2 Institution Type Federal Prisons Academic Program Type Adult Basic Secondary Post Secondary Vocational Adult Basic Secondary Post Secondary Vocational Adult Basic Secondary Post Secondary Vocational Percentage Offered 97.40% 98.70% 80.50% 93.5% 80.40% 83.60% 26.70% 55.70% 78.50% 60.40% 26.70% 6.5% State Prison Local Jails (avg. for all in US) Although several educational programs are widely available, many inmates are unable to take advantage of them, do not complete them, or lack follow up in the form of ongoing support services once released from the correctional system. The following table displays this concern: Table 2. national and state data on inmate participation and completion . Approximate Numbers 1993-2007: Institution Type Total Number of Inmates System 165,000 167,717 Number of Inmates Enrolled in Education Programs 54,000 87,624 Rate of Attendance, At Completion of Course 50% 60% Rate of Completion State System Federal System 4% 20% Education has played a prominent role in our correctional institutions over time. Unfortunately, there are many prisons which have failing programs with high drop-out rates, poor participation, and weak or non-existent postrelease support. In addition, funding cuts in all levels of government have forced many to reduce their offerings or close programs altogether. It has become apparent that there areShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Education On The Prison System851 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Education in the Prison System Introduction Education has always been one of the keys to an individual’s success. People have access to education in many different setting. The classroom, the workplace, on-line, the YMCA and Hobby Lobby are all places where someone can go to get some form of instruction. More often that not people over look the prison system as place where one can receive an education. Most prisons offer college and vocational classes to the inmates as a wayRead MorePrison Education Project ( Pep )928 Words   |  4 PagesPrison Education Project (PEP) was created by Dr. Renford Reese in 2011 to provide currently incarcerated inmates with an opportunity to be reeducated and properly equipped to return back to society. Yet an important question is raised as to why such a program was needed in the first place. It is no surprise that California demonstrated a failed and poor criminal justice system. According to E. Ann Carson and Daniela Golinelli, California incarcerated more adults in prison than a ny other state inRead MorePrison Inmate Education1871 Words   |  8 PagesThe article The Impact of Career and Technical Education Programs on Adult Offenders: Learning Behind Bars by Howard Gordon and Bracie Weldon (2003) studies of how prisoners receiving educations in prison reduces the recidivism rate. Gordon and Weldon studied the inmates who were participating in the educational programs at the Huttonsville Correctional Center in West Virginia and claimed that inmates who participated in the educational programs were less likely to recidivate once released backRead MoreEssay on Recidivism: Prison and Correctional Education1812 Words   |  8 Pagesof individuals involved with criminal justice system continues to rise at alarming rates. Since 1980, the incarceration rate has tripled. 1 in 20 Americans will spend time in prison during their lifespan. The numbers speaks for themselves. Currently there are an estimated 2 million people in U.S. federal and state prisons. Gi ven the unprecedented rise of individuals now involved with the American criminal justice system and the soaring rates or recidivism, there is a great need for systemic changesRead MoreThe Prison System And The Education Of Our Children1811 Words   |  8 Pageshighest population of incarcerated people. Unfortunately, we have begun to spend more on the prison system than the education of our children. In order to be fiscally responsible, it is important that we change the way that prisons are run so we can decrease the amount of recidivism and make sure that those inmates are fully prepared to reenter into society and have the confidence to achieve their new goals. Prisons were created to keep those who aren’t able to function as law abiding citizens out of societyRead MoreThe Effectiveness of Prison Education Rehabilitation Essay example1627 Words   |  7 Pages Education is not a fix all by any means, but it is the best start to solving the large literacy rates of US prisons. Of course, it will require much hard work on the part of the prisoner getting out, and there may be a large percentage who do not desire to take advantage of such programs, but Americans should encourage and give these individuals tools to help them back into society. Pont sums it up best, â€Å"Our aim should be to propel offenders into, rather than away from, successful participationRead MoreThe Potential Transformative Power of Education in American Prisons2157 Words   |  9 PagesFor those whose lives are the most controlled and exploited by systems of domination, the potential for a critical re-imagining of pedagogy is an unknown myth of academia. Philosophers and college students extol the transformative potential of education. Rarely, however, do their accolades manifest as tangible action in the ghettoes, slums, and cities of America. Nevertheless, these archetypal zones of exclusion have seen their share of new educational movements. Magnet and charter schools, increasedRead MoreEducation vs Prison Funding2137 Words   |  9 PagesFinal research paper on â€Å"Education vs. Prison Funding† The government is responsible for security of its citizens and it is also responsible to provide a safe socio-economic environment to its people, and in this context; Jails and schools are two important institutions of any society, which need regular monetary support from the government. Thus government has to be very careful in allocating funds to both of the institutions; as one punishes the convicts and other makes the people skillful, andRead MorePublic Policy Concerning Education During Prisons1449 Words   |  6 Pagesconcerning education in prisons decisively emphasizes punitive programming over rehabilitate or educational programming. In regards to higher education in prisons the persuasive public echo of â€Å"why should criminals get for free what the rest of us pay for† is a falsehood built on the backs of these rulings. I would argue that the education paid for through incarceration entails a greater personal cost of freedoms than a paid tuition could ever represe nt. I doubt anyone would ever go to prison to obtainRead MoreComparing Civilizations And Societies Function On Numerous Principles1183 Words   |  5 Pageslikelihood of recidivism and reducing the crime rate over time. State prison and county jail inmates who receive general education and vocational training are significantly less likely to return to prison after release and are more likely to find employment than peers who do not receive such opportunities. Researchers found that inmates who participate in correctional education programs have 43 percent lower odds of returning to prison than those who do not. The estimate is based on studies that carefully

Illegal Immigration Too Large a Burden on America Free Essays

Illegal Immigration: Too Large a Burden on America â€Å"Households headed by illegal aliens imposed more than 26. 3 billion dollars in costs on the federal government†¦and paid only 16 billion dollars in taxes, creating a net fiscal deficit of almost 10. 4 billion dollars, or two thousand seven hundred dollars per illegal household† (Miller 1). We will write a custom essay sample on Illegal Immigration: Too Large a Burden on America or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some people would argue that immigrants come to America to take jobs that no one else will do, but the illegal immigrants are in fact draining social services and stealing free health care benefits. In addition, immigrants pay little or no taxes to benefit the social services and health care providers that they drain. By doing so, the American tax payers must take on the high price of the American government turning a blind eye to the illegal immigrants rushing in. Yes, illegal immigrants take not so pleasant jobs, but it’s not worth the high price of social services and health care they impose. Although legalized immigration is what this country was founded on in the 1700’s, in modern day America many feel it is becoming too large a burden on the American tax payers to stop the influx of illegal immigrants to the United States. The problem of immigration can be solved if we place more restrictions on who is allowed in to our country, and let more able bodied, skilled workers in instead of letting every sob story have priority. Paul Hina, author of Illegal Immigration ( Contemporary Issues Companion), states that due to â€Å"illegal immigration and because U. S. immigration policy slants toward admitting relatives rather than immigrants with needed workplace skills, our immigration system literally imports poverty† (Hina 2). So instead of benefiting America with skilled workers, uneducated, poor immigrants are admitted and given full benefits of the social services they don’t deserve. Rachel Alexander, lawyer and coeditor of IntellectualConservatives. com, argues â€Å"illegal immigration is a major problem in the United States because illegal immigrants pay no taxes yet consume welfare resources at the tax payers’ expense†¦Border security has not stemmed the tide of illegal immigrants, so the government should focus instead on depriving them of social aid so that they will not be disinclined to sneak in to the country† (Haugen 1). Providing illegal immigrants with social aid is wrong, because not only should they not be in our country, they are supported here by citizens’ tax dollars. The social services of this country is one of the reasons immigrants rush over here in the first place, so if we place more restrictions on who can receive social aid, they won’t be so encouraged to hop the border. The massive amounts of immigrants who enter this country illegally make American citizens suffer economically and physically. Jamuna Carroll, author of many young adult books, stresses â€Å"how can we ask working families of California – many of whom have taken out sizable loans to finance their children’s education and many of whom will never be able to afford to send their children to college – to subsidize the education of those who should not be in our country at all? † (Carroll 2). Citizens in some states are now obligated to pay taxes to help illegal immigrants pay less for the same college education. It is unfair to provide immigrants who are here illegally, with discounts to public colleges and held as a priority over American citizens, who are burdened with taxes that pay for their discounts, in fact, the immigrants should not even be able to attend public colleges since they are breaking the law by being here, and colleges shouldn’t grant acceptance to them. Carroll further suggests â€Å"no one needs a college degree to sustain health and welfare and education is not a human right, as some of the proponents of this goofy attitude about tuition subsidies for illegals suggest† (Carroll 2). Education is not an inalienable right. Nowhere in the constitution does it state education is an essential and necessary right the government must provide all who live within the borders. California should not enforce this view on their state residents because illegal immigrants should not benefit from education discounts when California citizens have to pay the hefty bill. Also by placing more restrictions on social aid programs, the tax payers won’t be so burdened with useless taxes to pay for illegal aliens, who don’t provide any benefits to the country. The United States should make educated skilled workers a priority in the immigration policy and place more restrictions on social aid to solve the immigration crisis. Lori Newman, writer for the Greenhaven Press, reminds us, â€Å"every legal immigrant before 1924 was examined for infectious diseases upon arrival and tested for tuberculosis. Anyone infected was shipped back to their country of origin†¦today†¦illegal aliens simply cross our borders medically unexamined, hiding in their bodies any number of diseases’ (Newman 3). In 1924, only the healthiest and most educated could be admitted ntrance in to America, the land of opportunities, now the poorest and least educated immigrants with innumerable amounts of diseases flood into our country every day. Those with diseases once rare in our country infect and burden the American health care system. The United States should enforce more restrictions on social and the immigration policy so we can stop these diseases f rom infecting our people. America should stop trying to enforce rights that do not exist on people who should not be in our country and pay more attention to those dying because of the people who bring the diseases in illegally. Many Americans agree the United States needs to stop trying to provide for illegal immigrants within our borders and focus on legal citizens who give back to the country through taxes. Statistics show â€Å"approximately 480,000 family-based immigrants and 140,000 employment based immigrants, as well as around 80,000 refugees and 20,000 immigrants seeking asylum† come in every year and stay because they are given health care, welfare and discounts on colleges with no costs to them (Haugen 1). Tax paying Americans are suffering while illegal aliens are given health care and welfare. The government needs to crack down on social services and help their fellow countrymen rather than uneducated and poor immigrants from which American reaps no benefits. Immigrants are what America was founded on, but citizens express that today they come in and take advantage of what America has to offer instead of those who first came to our country, ready to work and provide for their country. America needs to realize they can’t help everyone who asks, there is simply not enough resources or money, especially in these discouraging economic times. Help those who give America, not those who take advantage. Works Cited Carroll, Jamuna. Subsidizing college Tuition for Illegal Immigrants is Unfair. † Opposing Views Resource Center. Gale. Web. 20 Oct. 2010. Haugen, David. â€Å"Illegal Immigrants Should be Stopped From Draining Public Services. † Opposing Views Resource Center. Gale. Web. 20 Oct. 2010. Hina, Paul. â€Å"Illegal Immigrants Are Abusing the Public Healt h System. † Opposing Views Resource Center. Gale. Web. 20 Oct. 2010. Miller, Debra. â€Å"Illegal Immigrants Create a Drain on the U. S. Government. † Opposing Views Resource Center. Gale. Web. 20 Oct. 2010. Newman, Lori. â€Å"Illegal Immigrants Threaten U. S. Health Care. † Opposing ViewsResource Center. Gale. Web. 20 Oct. 2010. How to cite Illegal Immigration: Too Large a Burden on America, Essay examples

Australian Mental Health Statistics Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Australian Mental Health Statistics. Answer: Introduction Mental health week is an awareness program which deals with the mental issues and is held on October each year. This week is celebrated every year to merge up with world mental health day on October 10. The mental health week is celebrated for promoting the social and emotional health of the community, create awareness among people to maintain their health status, increasing the managing power of communities, families, individuals and increasing mental health recovery. On an average every year 20% of the population is facing challenges of mental health, 45% in their lifetime. Mental Health Week (9-15 October) is the ideal time to have an open conversation on mental safety. EPIC Mental Health Consultant Georgia Watson trusts Mental Health Week is essential to bring issues to view of emotional well-being issues in the group. It is a chance to acquire comprehension of emotional wellness issues. An extraordinary approach to knowing more about emotional wellness issues is by studying the ABC's Mental As program. Why Mental Health Awareness Week Is Important Despite the fact that a considerable measure of stunning work by devoted associations is being done and emotional wellness is more discussed than any time in recent memory, there is as yet an approach before dispositions change and the dread of disgrace scatters. There are as yet many individuals crosswise over Australia who has been battling without help for quite a long time and it's just through mindfulness, training and correspondence that we can start to separate the obstructions encompassing what ought to be such an essential subject for all of us. It's frequently the primary discussion, the one that begins it all, that is the hardest one. Be that as it may, as Heather took in, it's the way to starting an excursion towards comprehension and acknowledgment, and all the more significant to recover. Australian mental health statistics Around one out of 35 youthful Australians matured 4-17 encounter a depressive issue; i.e. 2.8% of Australians adults have encountered a full of feeling issue. This is equal to 112,000 teenagers. Among the seven teenagers in Australia at least one faces an emotional well-being condition; i.e., 13.9% kids and young people matured 4-17 years encountered a mental issue between 2013-14, which is equal to an expected 560,000 Australian kids and teenagers (www.health.gov.au). One out of fourteen youthful Australians (6.9%) matured 4-17 encountered a tension issue in 2015. This is proportionate to around 278,000 youngsters. The rate of deaths by suicide in youthful Australians is the most astounding it has been in 10 years. In 2015, 391 (12.5 for each 100,000) youthful Australians matured 15-24 passed on by suicide contrasted and 290 (10.4 for every 100,000) youthful Australians in 2005 (ABS Causes of Death, Australia, 2014). Suicide is the greatest enemy of youthful Australians and records for the passings of more youngsters than auto collisions. 324 Australians (10.5 for every 100,000) matured 15-24 biting the dust by suicide in 2012. This analyzes to 198 (6.4 for every 100,000) who passed on in auto collisions (the second most astounding executioner) (ABS Causes of Death, Australia, 2014). Confirmation proposes three out of four grown-up psychological well-being conditions rise by age 24 and half by age 14. Half of all lifetime instances of psychological wellness issue begin by age 14 years and three-fourths by age 24 years. Individuals encountering emotional well-being conditions by and large report a greater number of encounters of being dealt with decidedly than of being maintained a strategic distance from or oppressed, especially from companions, friends and family and relatives (Nicola and Anthony, 2015). Racism has can have truly antagonistic consequences for the health of the youngsters, instruction and social life and these impacts could be conveyed for a long time throughout the life (Priest et al. 2013). Around one out of three youthful Australian grown-ups matured 18-24 years of age, report that they are facing racial separation due to their color of the skin, ethnic inception or religion (Markus, 2016). Around one of every four Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youngsters matured 15 24 years report encountering separation since they were of Aboriginal or potentially Torres Strait Islander origin (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2012). Around one of every four individuals with type 2 diabetes encounter sadness and one out of six encounter nervousness. Roughly one out of four youngsters matured 13-19 years with Type 1 Diabetes encounter direct to extreme side effects of sadness and nervousness (Speight et al., 2011). Goals of MHAW Mental Health Week concentrates on prosperity, support and group. Everybody's health is essential. You can help take care of your brain by getting enough rest, eating admirably, practicing and diminishing liquor utilization, figuring out how to oversee stress and keep yourself safe and keeping up solid connections (www.health.au.gov). Look for help when you require it by conversing with individuals you trust, looking at administrations online, for example, beyond-blue, reach-out or headspace, visit the GP or call 131465 out of an emergency or Lifeline on 131114. Make associations and be a piece of the group by checking in with mates, talk among friends to share things, discover what's going on in group and join mindshare. Role of government and non-government agencies Government agencies The National psychological well-being technique is a commitment by the government of Australia to enhance the lives of individuals with a dysfunctional behavior. The system was supported in April 1992 by the then Australian Health Ministers' Conference (AHMC) as a structure to control psychological wellness change (www.health.au.gov). The National emotional wellness technique expects to: Promoting of the psychological wellness of the Australian people group Keep improving the mental issue where needed Reducing the effect of mental issue on people, families and the group Assuring the privileges of individuals with emotional sickness. The strategy includes: National mental health policy The National Mental Health Policy 2008 recognizes our Indigenous legacy and the novel commitment of Indigenous individuals' way of life and legacy to our general public. Besides, it perceives Indigenous individuals' unmistakable rights to status and culture, self-assurance and the land. It recognizes that this acknowledgment and personality is principal to the prosperity of Indigenous Australians. It perceives that shared purpose, regard and duty are required to close the crevice on indigenous impediment and to enhance emotional well-being and prosperity (www.health.au.gov). The points of the National Mental Health Policy 2008 are to: Advance the psychological well-being and prosperity of the Australian people group and, where possible, keep the improvement of emotional well-being issues and dysfunctional behavior. Decrease the effect of psychological wellness issues and dysfunctional behavior, including the impacts of shame, on people, families and the group. Advance recuperation from psychological well-being issues and maladjustment Guarantee the privileges of individuals with emotional wellness issues and dysfunctional behavior, and to empower them to take an interest definitively in the public arena. National Mental health plan The Fourth Plan receives a structure of health of the population. This structure perceives that emotional well-being and ailment result from the mind boggling interchange of natural, social, mental, ecological and monetary factors at all levels. The determinants of emotional wellness status incorporate factors, for example, pay, instruction, work and access to group assets. The populace well-being system recognizes the significance of psychological well-being issues over the life expectancy from early stages to seniority, and perceives that a few people might be especially powerless in view of their statistic qualities (e.g. age, social context) or their encounters (e.g. presentation to injury or misuse) (Dimoff et al. 2016). The Fourth Plan visualizes the route in which changes in the psychological wellness part can between relate with approach headings of other government portfolios, with a view to guaranteeing that individuals with emotional wellness issues and dysfunctional behavior can profit by them in the best possible way (Perry et al. 2014). Mental health statement of rights and responsibilities The original mental health statement of rights and duties was discharged in 1991. It gave an all-encompassing structure to direct approach and rehearses and informs the consumers and carers. From that point forward there have been noteworthy advancements in national and jurisdictional emotional well-being spaces (McGorry et al., 2013). Such advancements incorporate the arrival of the National Mental Health Policy in 2008 (focused on by every Australian government), a progression of National Mental Health Plans, with the latest being the Fourth National Mental Health Plan 2009 2014, the National Standards for Mental Health Services 2010 and the National Carer Strategy in 2011. What's more there have been vital improvements through the Council of Australian Governments National Action Plan for Mental Health 2006 2011 (Howe et al., 2014). The procedure has been reaffirmed by the well-being priests various circumstances since 1992. In 1998 the Second psychological health plan was produced, and in 2003 the National emotional health plan 2003-2008 was supported. Most as of late, the 1992 National psychological wellness approach was changed in 2008 and the Fourth national emotional wellness design was discharged in November 2009. The Mental well-being articulation of rights and obligations was overhauled in 2012 (Lemon et al., 2016). Non-government organization Funding is arranged for emotional wellness emergency treatment preparing for cutting edge group specialises in the money related and legitimate divisions, relationship advisors, and social insurance laborers. These areas collaborate with individuals who might be in budgetary, legitimate or relationship emergency where the danger of suicide is expanded. The preparation has a particular concentrate on suicide anticipation to enable better to distinguish and react to the requirements of individuals in danger of suicide or who have endeavored suicide (Happell et al., 2015). The division connected with the accompanying three driving emotional well-being medical aid preparing suppliers for this measure until 2014: Mental Health First Aid International Wesley Life Force The Salvation Army (NSW) Four parts were recognized to get preparing: the human services, budgetary, lawful and relationship advising divisions. In counsel with the suppliers, preparing for the segments was part as takes after: Mental Health First Aid International monetary advising and human services divisions (specifically, solution and nursing, with an accentuation on understudies preparing in those callings) Salvation Army lawful part Wesley Life Force relationship guiding segments and human services laborers (specifically, general specialists, including their training staff and Aged Care Nurses). These associations give preparing in roughly 40 districts crosswise over Australia in both local and metropolitan zones. The role and impact of the media in mental health promotion The media's power to affect open discernment and how much individuals are presented to media portrayals makes the broad communications a standout amongst the most critical impacts in created social orders. The broad communications is certainly the Canadian Open's critical wellsprings of data (Livingston et al., 2014). With regards to emotional instability, the media has a tendency to twist the reality. Regardless, the media shapes our thoughts and courses in which we comprehend everyone around us. For that distress from dysfunctional behaviors, the ramifications of the regularly negative and incorrect depictions of mental health issues are huge. Mistaken data in the media about emotional sickness, regardless of the possibility that the depiction of an individual is certain, brings about false impressions that can have extensive and genuine results (Niederkrotenthaler et al., 2014). For instance, incorrect delineations of schizophrenia can prompt false convictions, perplexity, struggl e, and a deferral in getting treatment. Extensive research has reported that the publics most important and convenient source of mental health is the media. Coverdale et al., (2013) contends that TV is the most effective medium for confining public consciousness. Conclusion This overview gives experiences into the present condition of recuperation situated psychological wellness care and nations' distinctive methodologies for executing recuperation arranged administrations and measures. While recuperation has picked up acknowledgment as an essential space in social insurance in numerous nations, the execution and assessment of recuperation ideas all through care conveyance frameworks in a continuous and reliable way is as yet a work in advance and will require supported assets and responsibility by all partners associated with this procedure. References 3303.0 ABS Causes of Death, Australia, 2012 (2014). Underlying causes of death (Australia). Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2012. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Wellbeing: A focus on children and youth, Apr 2011. Available from:https://www.abs.gov.au Byrne, L., Wilson, M., Burke, K. J., Gaskin, C. J., Happell, B. (2014). Mental health service delivery: a profile of mental health non-government organizations in south-east Queensland, Australia.Australian Health Review,38(2), 202-207. Dimoff, J. K., Kelloway, E. K., Burnstein, M. D. (2016). Mental health awareness training (MHAT): The development and evaluation of an intervention for workplace leaders.International Journal of Stress Management,23(2), 167. Happell, B., Platania-Phung, C., Webster, S., McKenna, B., Millar, F., Stanton, R., ... Scott, D. (2015). Applying the World Health Organization Mental Health Action Plan to evaluate policy on addressing co-occurrence of physical and mental illnesses in Australia.Australian Health Review,39(4), 370-378. Howe, D., Batchelor, S., Coates, D., Cashman, E. (2014). Nine key principles to guide youth mental health: development of service models in New South Wales.Early intervention in psychiatry,8(2), 190-197. Lemon, G., Stanford, S., Sawyer, A. M. (2016). Trust and the Dilemmas of Suicide Risk Assessment in Non-government Mental Health Services.Australian Social Work,69(2), 145-157. Livingston, J. D., Cianfrone, M., Korf-Uzan, K., Coniglio, C. (2014). Another time point, a different story: one year effects of a social media intervention on the attitudes of young people towards mental health issues.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology,49(6), 985-990. Markus. A. 2016. Mapping Social Cohesion 2016: National Report. Victoria: Scanlon Foundation. Available from: https://scanlonfoundation.org.au McGorry, P., Bates, T., Birchwood, M. (2013). Designing youth mental health services for the 21st century: examples from Australia, Ireland and the UK.The British Journal of Psychiatry,202(s54), s30-s35. Nicola J Reavley, Anthony F Jorm. 2015. Experiences of discrimination and positive treatment in people with mental health problems: Findings from an Australian national survey. Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 49(10) 906913. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com Niederkrotenthaler, T., Reidenberg, D. J., Till, B., Gould, M. S. (2014). Increasing help-seeking and referrals for individuals at risk for suicide by decreasing stigma: The role of mass media.American journal of preventive medicine,47(3), S235-S243. Perry, Y., Petrie, K., Buckley, H., Cavanagh, L., Clarke, D., Winslade, M., ... Christensen, H. (2014). Effects of a classroom-based educational resource on adolescent mental health literacy: a cluster randomised controlled trial.Journal of adolescence,37(7), 1143-1151. Priest, N., Y. Paradies, et al. (2013). A systematic review of studies examining the relationship between reported racism and health and wellbeing for children and young people. Social Science Medicine 95(115-127) Speight J, Browne JL, Holmes-Truscott E, Hendrieckx C, Pouwer F, on behalf of the Diabetes MILES Australia reference group (2011). Diabetes MILES Australia 2011 Survey Report. Melbourne: Diabetes Australia The Mental Health of Children and Adolescents. Report on the second Australian Child and Adolescent Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Available from: www.health.gov.au The Mental Health of Children and Adolescents; Report on the second Australian Child and Adolescent Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Available from: www.health.gov.au

What I see as challenges young adults face today free essay sample

What ever happened to the â€Å"good ol days† grandma spoke of? It seems young adults have taken on an array of challenges that weren’t as prevalent years ago. Young adults face countless challenges. From education to employment of which both are hard to either get or maintain. these challenges can lead one to stress and eventually create a deeper world of challenges. Young adults seem to be more vulnerable to life’s ups and downs. The lack of experience and naà ¯ve perception of the world can lead them to create unrealistic goals leaving nothing but heartache and the inability to overcome the challenges that are thrown at them. Let’s begin with education. Fortunately education is top priority to students and of course the parents that led these young adults toward wanting a higher learning. Unfortunately the tuition for the education sought out for is too steep for most young adults. We will write a custom essay sample on What I see as challenges young adults face today or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A survey done by The Haratio Alger Association, â€Å"shows that out of 1500 students surveyed around the country three of every four had â€Å"some† or â€Å"major† concerns about whether they would be able to pay for college†. This statement is unfortunate because from a young age kids are taught that education is key, only to grow up, go out into the real world and discover that the key is actually money. Increased tuition forces students young or old to seek employment to pay their way through college. The problem here is that the jobs found are barley paying enough for anyone to make it through the month let alone pay for tuition. Student loans are then presented to the student as an option to pay for college. But this too poses a problem since the interest rates fluctuate depending on the economy. The Washington Post mentions that currently Obama is signing an interest rate law putting a cap on students loans for the lifetime of the loan. But this still does not change the fact that colleges are overly charging students for an education. Another challenge young adults face is employment. It is no surprise that the job market is in a terrible state. There aren’t many jobs out there and the one’s that are available want more experience than young adults posses. The job market is competitive today because of the lack of employment. Just 58.6 percent of American civilians 16 and up had jobs in April according to The Bureau of Labor Statistics. â€Å"This is a lower employment to population rate than the worst part of the recession in 2007-09â€Å". Says Peter Coy. With a lack of jobs available employers have an increased volume of jobs seekers looking for work and it only makes sense to higher those with an x amount of experience or of course those that possess a degree. Until our economy is at a better state young adults today will continue to have the added challenge of searching for a job that will help pay for tuition and put food in their mouths. After the pressures of increased college tuition and failure to find a job that will help pay for the college tuition many young adults will find themselves stressed. Often times stress will push you to perform better or even study better but if under constant stress it can lead to more serious health issues such as depression. Depression is an emotional symptom of stress if caused by stressors. While this type of depression starts off minor it can turn into something major. Leaving young adults stuck with this overwhelming feeling of wanting to give up. Finding it hard to overcome since their new perception of life seems like a vicious cycle. Once stress has led them to depression they begin to procrastinate and neglect responsibilities. If one is not strong enough they will remain in this state of feeling like they have come as far as they could go and unfortunately this is the end of the road for them. CONCLUSION Young adults today face many obstacles today that seem to have gotten worse over the years. If jobs are not increased and tuition continues to increase so shall the problems for young adults which can lead to stress and depression creating an even greater whirlwind of challenges. REFERENCES www.today.com/money/class-2013-likely-to-face-tough-start-tight-job-market- Linn, Allison. April 10,2013. www.usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/national/story. McAuliff, John. 8/8/2012 www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-05-09. Coy, Peter. May 09,2013 www.globalresearch.ca/no-hope-on-this-job-front-rising-unemployment-in-america/5341808. www.helpguide.org/mental/stress_signs.htm. non profit resource. Smith, Segal and Segal. July 2013

How to Use the Partitive Genitive Case in Latin

How to Use the Partitive Genitive Case in Latin The  genitive case  is most familiar to English speakers as the case in which nouns, pronouns and adjective  express possession, says the clear-thinking  Classics Department  at the Ohio State University. In Latin, it is used to indicate relationships that are most frequently and easily translated into English by the preposition of: love of god, the driver of the bus, the state of the union, the son of God. In all these instances, the prepositional phrase modifies a noun; that is, the prepositional phrase acts like an adjective: love of God equals Gods love equals divine love. Genitive Genetic Relationship The last example shows the genetic relationship that gives the genitive case its name. Linguists who have studied this case have concluded that it is a convenient way of indicating relationships between nouns, or, put in more grammatical terms, the genitive case turns any noun into an adjective. There are several categories of the genitive, depending mainly on their function. The partitive genitive is one of these categories. Partitive Genitive: How It Works The partitive genitive case, or the genitive of the whole, shows the relationship of a part to the whole of which it is part. It starts with a quantity, such as a numeral, nothing (nihil), something (aliquid), enough (satis) and the like.  This quantity is part of a whole, which is expressed by a noun in the genitive case. The simplest example is  pars civitatis   part of the state. Here, of course, the state (civitas) is the whole, and this party is the part (pars). This [is] a useful reminder that the English expression all of the state is  not  partitive, since all is not a part; consequently, you cannot use the genitive in Latin here, only an adjective:  omnis civitas, says OSU. If you have a part of something, the thing  thats the whole is in the genitive case. The fractional part can be a pronoun, adjective, noun or numeral designating quantity, with a noun or pronoun showing the whole to which the some (or many, etc.) belongs. Most of the following examples show the part in the nominative case. The whole is in the genitive since it signifies of the whole. The English translation may or may not have a word like of marking the genitive case. Partitive Genitive: Examples satis temporis   enough of time or enough time.nihil clamoris   none of the shouting or no shoutingnihil strepitus   none of the noise or no noisetertia pars solis   the third part of the sunquorum primus ego  sum   of whom I am chiefquinque millia hominum   five thousand [of the] menprimus omnium   first of all (with omnium in the genitive plural)quis mortalium   who of mortals (with mortalium in the genitive plural)nihil odii   nothing of hatred (with odii in the genitive singular)tantum laboris   so much work (with laboris in the genitive singular) vs. tantus labor so great a labor which has no genitive and therefore is not the partitive genitivequantum voluptatis   how much delight (with voluptatis in the genitive singular)

Asylum Seeker Children in Need Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Asylum Seeker Children in Need - Essay Example ri Lanka, FRY (Former Republic of Yugoslavia), Afghanistan, Turkey, Pakistan, China, India and Iran, in that order, were the countries most of these applications came from. Despite the large number of immigrants seeking leave to enter and stay, only a minority get awarded the refugee status or exceptional leave to remain. A major challenge is presented in terms of meeting the needs of these immigrants and refugees is their children’s access to education which is part of their statutory rights. In a highly competitive environment, these children may be considered a potential threat to school standards and levels of achievement, by institutions and educational establishments. However, schools are given the option to exclude asylum-seekers’ and refugee pupils’ scores from the schools’ overall performance indicator if these individuals have been in the country for less than two years. The same exclusion law applies to anyone whose first language of instruction is not English. Such a policy can bring a good change if it seeks to help such students be welcomed and accepted at their respective institutions without the apprehension of the schools as to the hampering of school performance. However, on the flip side, such a decision might also result in the schools taking a lax attitude towards these children and deem them unfit for similar prospects as the other, regular students. The fact is that more than the basic needs of these children need to be catered to, as evidenced by the data that shows that children of refugees/asylum seekers are often victims of racial hatred, with the local communities often treating them as pariahs. Globalization is a reality of our times, as well as having a long history, and it is a good idea to see its process vis-Ã  -vis the challenges of asylum. It is because of globalization that people from a certain area in the world decide to move to another area, despite the financial burden thereof. What is more, such people always

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 20

Ethics - Essay Example This problem could have been solved with one word; accidently. If instead of ‘So there’s no need to worry†¦even if you leave it on a train’, the sentence read ‘So there’s no need to worry†¦even if you accidently leave it on a train’, the whole misunderstanding would have been avoided. While this incident was probably an oversight, one word can save litigation. Advertising should be straightforward, because consumers do not like to be tricked. It makes more business logic to keep the consumer’s trust. One word can keep this type of litigation out of the press. Then the consumer remembers the advertisement, not the litigation. Business brand and reputation should come first over misleading advertising. There is too much reputation to lose. Murdoch questioned whether he had made the right decision to set up the management and standards committee at a private summit in London on Wednesday with many of the senior Sun editorial executives and journalists who have spent more than a year on bail in relation to allegations of payments to police and public officials for stories. (O’Carroll and Greenslade 2013) It would be hard not to inform on myself and other colleagues if the allegations were true. My ethics of keeping a secret or protecting others would be compromised if under investigation by the police. The law would be more important than office ethics. Of course, my ethics would never allow for payments to police or public officials for stories, hacking into private emails, or other illegal activities. I would rather work for a more reputable business. Ethics should guide a person in their life work, not just in their personal

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Photocatalysts in Indian Medical Association Research Paper

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Photocatalysts in Indian Medical Association - Research Paper Example The ability of photocatalytic substances, for example, titanium dioxide (TiO2) to disintegrate organic contaminants in the air and water has been established by Verdier et al. as one of the methods used to kill micro-organisms. Studies by Bonetta et al. have shown that the rutile and anatase forms of TiO2 have photocatalytic activity and are active against various Gram-positive & Gram-negative bacteria, yeast and green algae such as, Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Chlorella Vulgaris. There are two key traits that make TiO2 ideal in the manufacture of building materials. (Rekha et al., 2010) They include photo-stimulated redox reactions of adsorbed materials and the photo-generated hydrophilic exchange of TiO2. Titanium dioxide is deemed as sedentary and safe material and has been used in many functions including the manufacture of several products such as paint, used as food additive, nutritional supplements among others.The first part of th e trial carried by the Indian Medical Association was carried in the premises whereby they tested photocatalysts efficacy of TiO2 in the Indian Scenario. The test was done as stipulated in the ISO protocol 27447:2009. The selected area of testing included the floor, door handles and table top swap of the premises. They cultured bacteria and counted the number of colonies in each sample. There was a lot of microorganism from the three selected regions. The ground floors had largest number of the organism compared to table top swap.

Early Intervention for Child with Visual Impairment

Early Intervention for Child with Visual Impairment Discuss the role of early intervention for children with visual impairments Introduction The whole area of visual impairment is a complex and difficult field. Children may either be born with a degree of visual impairment or they may acquire visual impairment at some stage after birth. Some defects may be comparatively obvious and easily detectable other may be very subtle and not obvious for some time. Visual defects may occur as a single lesion or may be part of a larger spectrum of congenital or acquired problems. They can be directly referable to the eye itself, as in the case of infantile cataracts, or may be as a result of more diffuse trauma such as cerebral palsy or perhaps a genetic error of metabolism or even infections such as meningitis. In this essay we intend to consider the role and value of early intervention together with an assessment of the value of screening which is obviously part of the same consideration. The mechanism of examination of the issue will be by means of a critical review of some of the relevant literature which has been recently published on the subject Screening There are many definitions of screening. Perhaps one of the best for our purposes comes from Wald (1) The systematic application of a test or enquiry, to identify individuals at sufficient risk to benefit from further investigation or direct preventive action, amongst persons who have not sought medical attention on account of symptoms of that disorder Screening is a common practice in many areas of the NHS. Whenever it is discussed, it is usually accompanied by prolonged discussions relating to cost-effectiveness and efficacy. With specific regard to visual impairment, screening for conditions that can produce visual impairment at an early age is utterly essential because of the development in early life of the visual processing pathways in the visual cortex (see below). (2) There is a window of opportunity for correction, which rapidly closes depending on the nature and severity of the visual impairment. Because of the dire implications for vision in later life, the cost effectiveness of such screening procedures are seldom applied in this area. This does not mean to say that considerations of efficacy are not valid (see below), but simply that it is not possible to put an appropriate value on a person’s sight. (3) Clearly the purpose of a screening programme is to try to identify those individuals who may be at risk of developing a potentially treatable condition. It is not a diagnostic service. There will usually be both false positives and false negatives. The importance of the National Screening programme is to identify those individuals who would benefit from further specialist assessment. A good place to start is the paper by Rahi (4). This study was designed to consider the efficacy of the screening programme in detecting a comparatively straightforward, although not necessarily easy to detect, lesion – the congenital and infantile cataract. The study was a cross sectional design study with an entry cohort of nearly 250 children under the age of 15 yrs. The object of the exercise was to ascertain the proportion of these children who were detected and treated at 3 months and I year of age. The significance of this study is that it highlights either the difficulty of diagnosis (or possibly the inefficiency of the system) as the results were poor by any interpretation. The paper itself is quite detailed and comprehensive, but the results that are relevant to our considerations in this essay are that only 35% of congenital cataracts were diagnosed at the routine new-born examination and only another 12% had been diagnosed by the time of the 6-8 week examination. Only 57% of the cohort had been seen and assessed by an ophthalmologist by the time they were 3 months old and a further 33% had not been examined or assessed by the time that they were one year old. The authors comment that their study showed that the prime reason for getting an assessment was because of the carer’s concerns in about 40% of all cases. We shall consider the importance of early assessment, accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment later in this essay, but it is clear from these figures that all three of these eventualities are denied to a very substantial proportion of children and infants with possible adverse consequences for their subsequent visual acuity. In all areas of medicine, we should ideally work from a rational and verifiable evidence base. (5) Given the fact that we can point to evidence that shows that a significant proportion of children with one (at least) visual defect are not routinely detected, we should examine the evidence base for the assumption that early detection is important. For the sake of clarity we will initially confine our considerations to the circumstance of infantile cataract. We do know that infantile cataract is an important and potentially avoidable cause of visual handicap.(6) The resultant stimulus deprivation of the optic tract and visual cortex (7) caused by the inability of the retina to receive normal images, because of the distortion caused by the cataract, produces various degrees of amblyopia.(8) There is a substantial body of evidence to show that in order to optimise the eventual outcome, particularly with the denser forms of cataract, that corrective surgery needs to ideally have been carried out before the age of three months.(9) Because of the developmental importance of the early visual stimulus it is reasonable to assume that the earlier that corrective treatment can be implemented, the better the result is likely to be (10) Although we have initially considered the impact of early screening for the condition of infantile cataract, it follows that other conditions can equally well be screened with the same rationale for early treatment. If we accept that early treatment is the â€Å"gold standard† in childhood visual impairment (11), then it is possible to predict some populations of high risk births that will clearly need increased surveillance. Many of the genetic disorders which can cause visual impairment can be predicted (at least in statistical terms) and the children specifically assessed at birth (12) The majority of the papers examined with regard to infantile cataract are of the same opinion that early treatment is vital to secure any hope of reasonable visual acuity. The evidence base for some other conditions of visual impairment is nowhere near as clear, and in some places, frankly contradictory. If we consider the implications for other conditions of visual impairment in childhood we should consider the paper by Clarke MP (13) which specifically considers the efficacy of treatment of a unilateral visual impairment in the 3-5 yr. old age range. This is particularly relevant to our considerations here because the trial itself was well constructed and has a meaningful outcome. In broad terms, nearly 200 children who were identified as having a degree of unilateral visual impairment were allocated into two groups. One group had â€Å"appropriate treatment† the other had no treatment. The authors note that all children had treatment after the six month observation period. the children who received â€Å"full treatment† with glasses universally had better visual acuity than those who did not receive treatment. Interestingly, the mean treatment effect between the two groups was only one line on the Snellen chart. The degree of improvement was proportional to the degree of original impairment. The specific conclusions of this particular study are worth quoting verbatim:- Treatment is worth while in children with the poorest acuity, but in children with mild (6/9 to 6/12) unilateral acuity loss there was little benefit. Delay in treatment until the age of 5 did not seem to influence effectiveness. It is worth considering these conclusions in more detail as they have distinct relevance to the need for early intervention. The authors point out that there is a tendency for amblyopia to undergo a degree of spontaneous improvement which is consistent with the results of another trial (14). It is also fair to point out that other trials do not concur. Simons K (15) suggest that untreated amblyopia will deteriorate with time. The authors feel that, on balance, they recommend the continued wearing of glasses until the age of 7, even if the visual acuity returns to normal before this time, to prevent the development of refractory amblyopia. (16) When the authors compared the results of their study with children from districts who did not receive pre-school screening, the follow up study showed that deferring their treatment did not limit their potential for improvement and, very significantly, it nearly halved the number of children that needed to wear eye patches at all. (17) On the basis of this evidence the authors felt able to conclude that it is the acuity at presentation rather than the chronological age of the child, that is the most important determinant of eventual outcome. This is consistent with a similar study by Hardman-Lea SJ (18) They actually quantified this by stating that:- Children with a moderate acuity loss of 6/18 or worse showed a clear cut response to treatment, which itself arguably justifies screening to identify and treat these children. In contrast, children with mild acuity loss, who represent over half those identified with unilateral acuity impairment at screening in this and other studies, received little benefit from either treatment. This level of impairment, though often excluded from studies, is still commonly treated in routine clinical practice. We argue that children with 6/9 in only one eye should no longer constitute screen failures and do not justify treatment, even with glasses. Rather disturbingly the trial threw up one (probably statistical) anomaly:- The glasses group with moderate initial acuity, in whom patching treatment was deferred, showed no overall gain in acuity at post-trial follow up. While this is probably a random effect, it raises the question whether prior refractive correction might in some way limit the effectiveness of subsequent patching. Clearly this cannot be regarded as based on firm evidence, but raises the spectre that early treatment may actually be detrimental. If we consider a more technically sophisticated study (19) Weiss A et al 2004) that looked at visually evoked potentials (VERs) in amblyopic children and compared the ages of instigation of treatment (patching) and the detectable effects on the VERs. This is an extremely complex paper but careful weighing and critical analysis of the results shows that, as far as amblyopic children are concerned, the critical window for demonstrating and exploiting cortical neuronal plasticity extends up to the age of ten.( also 20). Although this paper specifically does not comment on the fact, an earlier paper by the same author (21) points to the fact that the plasticity, and therefore adaptability, progressively diminishes from about the age of five onwards The PEDI Group (22) complicate the findings further with their contention that treating amblyopic children in the 3-7 yr. age range did not produce significantly different clinical outcomes when compared to an older age range Screening, in general terms, has been overhauled by the National Screening Committee (23) which has sought to apply the classic Wilson Junger (24) criteria to all aspects of NHS screening. Within the recommendations of this body, various specialist organisations have produced their own guidelines. In the UK, the need for early visual impairment screening is recognised. Clearly this is different from being done efficiently in all cases. The most authoritative guidance that is currently available in this country is that which is based on the recommendations of the two national working parties who produced a joint report. The Royal Colleges of Ophthalmologists and Paediatrics and Child Health (25) The current recommendations include an inspection of the eyes together with an evaluation of the red reflex at birth and then a fuller assessment which would include an examination for the presence of squint and visual behaviour generally at about 6-8 weeks. (26) Later on in childhood there are other specified screening procedures which are designed to detect abnormalities such as strabismus, abnormalities of colour vision and reduced visual acuity although an examination of the literature would suggest that the pick up rate is surprisingly small (27). This particular author suggests this is mainly because the vast majority of cases are brought to the attention of the primary healthcare teams by the carers before screening is carried out. In this essay we have conducted a brief overview of some of the relevant literature in the field of early detection of visual impairment. The results are disappointingly confusing. Some areas appear to have a fairly clear cut and universal agreement, others seem to produce well constructed studies that offer seemingly mutually exclusive results. (28). The area of the infantile or congenital cataract appears to be one of those areas where there is fairly universal agreement that early treatment is beneficial, but the biggest stumbling block appears to be the comparative inability to pick up or detect the abnormality in a clinical screening setting. Although we have not presented firm evidence, as it is not directly relevant to our discussions, there is also the problem that surgical intervention, although obviously helpful in terms of preserving vision, may actually have a down side that iatrogenic glaucoma is a possibility in later life. (10) The converse situation appears to apply to the amblyopic patient, or the patient with strabismus. We have presented evidence that appears to be frankly contradictory. Although it appears easier to detect these abnormalities in the older child there is considerable disparity in opinion about whether early treatment is either beneficial, or in the case of one of the papers presented, even helpful. It is clearly difficult to form an opinion with any sort of firm evidence base in these circumstances. Although it is reassuring to read a paper and find that the authors call for â€Å"more research to be done† in that particular area, it does not help those practitioners currently working in the clinical field, to come to a firm view on whether early treatment is either indicated, useful or even necessary in these particular circumstances. References Wald NJ. Guidance on terminology. J Med Screen 1994;1:76. Barnes GR, Hess RF, Dumoulin SO, Achtman RL, Pike GB. The cortical deficit in humans with strabismic amblyopia. J Physiol. 2001;533:281–297 National Screening Committee. First report of the National Screening Committee. Health Departments of the United Kingdom, 1998. (4) Jugnoo S Rahi and Carol Dezateux National cross sectional study of detection of congenital and infantile cataract in the United Kingdom: role of childhood screening and surveillance BMJ, Feb 1999; 318: 362 365 (5) Berwick D 2005 Broadening the view of evidence-based medicine Qual. Saf. Health Care, Oct 2005; 14: 315 316. (6) Foster A, Gilbert C. Epidemiology of visual impairment in children. In: Taylor D, ed. Paediatric ophthalmology. 2nd ed. London: Blackwell Science, 1997:3-12. (7) Taylor D. Congenital cataract: the history, the nature and the practice. The Doyne lecture. Eye 1998; 12: 9-36 (8) Campos E. Amblyopia. Surv Ophthalmol 1995; 40: 23-39 (9) Lloyd IC, Dowler JGF, Kriss A, Speedwell L, Thompson DA, Russell-Eggitt I, et al. Modulation of amblyopic therapy following early surgery for unilateral congenital cataracts. Br J Ophthalmol 1995; 79: 802-806 (10) M Vishwanath, R Cheong-Leen, D Taylor, I Russell-Eggitt, and J Rahi Is early surgery for congenital cataract a risk factor for glaucoma? Br. J. Ophthalmol., July 1, 2004; 88(7): 905 910. (11) Barrett BT et al. 2004 B. T. Barrett, A. Bradley, and P. V. McGraw Understanding the Neural Basis of Amblyopia Neuroscientist, April 1, 2004; 10(2): 106 117. (12) Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine Section on Ophthalmology. Eye examination and vision screening in infants, children and young adults. Pediatrics 1996; 98: 153-157 (13) M P Clarke, C M Wright, S Hrisos, J D Anderson, J Henderson, and S R Richardson Randomised controlled trial of treatment of unilateral visual impairment detected at preschool vision screening BMJ, Nov 2003; 327: 1251 ; (14) Hard AL, Williams P, Sjostrand J. Do we have optimal screening limits in Sweden for vision testing at the age of 4 years? Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1995;73: 483-5 (15) Simons K, Preslan M. Natural history of amblyopia untreated due to lack of compliance. Br J Ophthalmol 1999;83: 582-7. (16) Kutschke P, Scott W, Keech R. Anisometropic amblyopia. Ophthalmology 1999: 258-63 (17) World Health Organization. Elimination of avoidable visual disability due to refractive errors. Geneva: WHO, 2000. (18) Hardman-Lea SJ, Loades J, Rubinstein MP. The sensitive period for anisometropic amblyopia. Eye 1989;3: 783-90 (19) AH. Weiss and J. P. Kelly Spatial-Frequency-Dependent Changes in Cortical Activation before and after Patching in Amblyopic Children Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., October 1, 2004; 45(10): 3531 3537. (20) Barnes G, Hess R, Dumoulin S, Achtman R, Pike G. The cortical deficit in humans with strabismic amblyopia. J Physiol 2001;533: 281-97. (21) Weiss AH. Unilateral high myopia: optical components, associated factors, and visual outcomes. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87:1025–1031. (22) PEDI Group 2002 Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. The clinical profile of moderate amblyopia in children younger than 7 years. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120:281–287. (23) National Screening Committee. First report of the National Screening Committee. Health Departments of the United Kingdom, 1998. (24) Wilson JMG, Jungner G. Principles and practice of screening for disease. Geneva: World Health Organisation, 1968. (25) Royal Colleges 1994 Royal College of Ophthalmologists and British Paediatric Association. Ophthalmic services for children. Report of joint working party. London: RCO, BPA , 1994. (26) Hall DM. Health for all children. 3rd ed. Report of the third joint working party on child health surveillance. Oxford: Oxford University Press , 1996. (27) Snowdon SK, Stewart-Brown SL. Preschool vision screening. Health Technol Assess 1997;1:i-83. (28) Clare Gilbert and Haroon Awan Blindness in children BMJ, Oct 2003; 327: 760 – 761 18.11.05 PDG Word count 3,010

Skepticism Essay -- Skeptic philosophy philosophers

Skepticism Skepticism is the Western philosophical tradition that maintains that human beings can never arrive at any kind of certain knowledge. Originating in Greece in the middle of the fourth century BC, skepticism and its derivatives are based on the following principles: There is no such thing as certainty in human knowledge. All human knowledge is only probably true, that is, true most of the time, or not true. Several non-Western cultures have skeptical traditions, particularly Buddhist philosophy, but properly speaking, skepticism refers only to a Greek philosophical tradition and its Greek, Roman, and European derivatives. The school of Skeptic philosophers were called the "Skeptikoi" in Greece. The word is derived from the Greek verb, "skeptomai," which means "to look carefully, to reflect." The hallmark of the skeptikoi was caution; they refused to be caught in assertions that could be proven false. In fact, the entire system of skeptic philosophy was to present all knowledge as opinion only, that is, to assert nothing as true. In this, they were firmly planted in a tradition started a century earlier by Socrates. Socrates claimed that he knew one and only one thing: that he knew nothing. So he would never go about making any assertions or opinions whatsoever. Instead, he set about questioning people who claimed to have knowledge, ostensibly for the purpose of learning from them, using a judicial cross-examination, called elenchus . If someone made an assertion, such as, "Virtue means acting in accordance with public morality, " he would keep questioning the speaker until he had forced him into a contradiction. As in a court of law, this contradiction proved that the speaker was lying in som... ...at a certain piece of knowledge, that piece of knowledge then becomes the basis for clearing up other doubts. Descartes systematic doubt became the basis of the Enlightenment and modern scientific tradition. One begins with a proposition, or hypothesis, that is in doubt and then tests that proposition until one arrives, more or less, at a certain conclusion. That does not, however, end the story. When confronted by the conclusions of others, one's job is to doubt those conclusions and redo the tests. Once a hypothesis has been tested and retested, then one can conclude that one has arrived at a "scientific truth." That, of course, doesn't end it, for all scientific truths can be doubted sometime in the future. In other words, although scientists speak about certainty and truth all the time, the foundational epistemology is skeptical: doubt anything and everything.

Information Security Classification Essay

Information Security is simply the process of keeping information secure: protecting its availability, integrity, and privacy (Demopoulos). With the advent of computers, information has increasingly become computer stored. Marketing, sales, finance, production, materials, etc are various types of assets which are computer stored information. A large hospital is an institution which provides health care to patients. They are staffed by doctors, nurses, and attendants. Like any large organization, a hospital also has huge amounts of data and information to store. Hospitals have increasingly become automated with computerized systems designed to meet its information needs. According to the Washtenaw Community College website, the following types of information are stored in a Hospital: †¢ Patient information †¢ Clinical laboratory, radiology, and patient monitoring †¢ Patient census and billing †¢ Staffing and scheduling †¢ Outcomes assessment and quality control †¢ Pharmacy ordering, prescription handling, and pharmacopoeia information †¢ Decision support †¢ Finance and accounting †¢ Supplies, inventory, maintenance, and orders management Viruses, worms and malware are the most common threats to information security. In computers, a virus is a program or programming code that replicates by being copied or initiating it’s copying to another program, computer boot sector or document (Harris, 2006). Floppy disks, USB drives, Internet, email are the most common ways a virus spreads from one computer to another. Computer viruses have the potential to damage data, delete files or crash the hard disk. Many viruses contain bugs which can cause system and operating system crashes. Computer worms are malicious software applications designed to spread via computer networks (Mitchell). They also represent a serious threat to information security. Email attachments or files opened from emails that have executable files attached are the way worms spread. A Trojan is a network software application designed to remain hidden on an installed computer. Software designed to monitor a person’s computer activity surreptitiously and which transmits that information over the internet is known as spy ware (Healan, 2005). Spy ware monitors information using the machine on which it is installed. The information is transmitted to the company for advertising purposes or sold to third party clients. Identity theft and data breaches are two of the biggest problems facing Information security managers. Hackers steal Social Security numbers, credit card data, bank account numbers and other data to fund their operations. There are other potential threats to the hospital information like power outages, incompetent employees, equipment failure, saboteurs, natural disasters, etc. A large hospital requires an information classification policy to ensure that information is used in appropriate and proper manner. The use of the information should be consistent with the hospital’s policies, guidelines and procedures. It should be in harmony with any state or federal laws. The hospital’s information should be classified as follows: 1. Restricted 2. Confidential 3. Public Restricted information is that which can adversely affect the hospital, doctors, nurses, staff members and patients. Its use is restricted to the employees of the hospital only. Finance and accounting, supplies, inventory, maintenance, and orders management are restricted information which comes in this category. Confidential information includes data on patients which must be protected at a high level. Patient information, clinical laboratory, radiology, and patient monitoring are some of the information which comes in this category. It can also include information whose disclosure can cause embarrassment or loss of reputation (Taylor, 2004). Public information includes data which provides general information about the hospital, its services, facilities and expertise to the public. Security at this level is minimal. This type of information requires no special protection or rules for use and may be freely disseminated without potential harm (University of Newcastle, 2007). Information Classification Threat Justification Patient information Confidential Disclosure or removal Any disclosure or removal can cause serious consequences to the patient Clinical laboratory, radiology, and patient monitoring Confidential Disclosure or removal Any disclosure or removal can cause serious consequences to the patient Finance and accounting, supplies, inventory, maintenance, and orders management Restricted Loss or destruction Any loss or destruction of this information could be very dangerous for the organization General information about the hospital, its services, facilities and expertise Public Low threat Low threat since the information is public. It would affect public relations however. Research Information Confidential Disclosure or removal This is confidential material since its exposure would cause serious consequences for the hospital Figure: Classification table Information is an asset for the hospital. The above information classification policy defines acceptable use of information. They are based according to the sensitivity of the information. According to the government of Alberta information security guideline, there are four criteria are the basis for deciding the security and access requirements for information assets. These criteria are: Integrity: information is current, complete and only authorized and accurate changes are made to information; Availability: authorized users have access to and can use the information when required; Confidentiality: information is only accessed by authorized individuals, entities or processes; and Value: intellectual property is protected, as needed. Information security must adequately offer protection through out the life span of the information. Depending on the security classification, information assets will need different types of storage procedures to ensure that the confidentiality, integrity, accessibility, and value of the information are protected. The hospital director must be responsible for the classification, reclassification and declassification of the hospital’s information. The information security policy must be updated on a regular basis and published as appropriate. Appropriate training must be provided to data owners, data custodians, network and system administrators, and users. The information security policy must also include a virus prevention policy, intrusion detection policy and access control policy. A virus prevention policy would include the installation of a licensed anti virus software on workstations and servers. The headers of emails would also be scanned by the anti virus software to prevent the spread of malicious programs like viruses. Intrusion detection systems must be installed on workstations and servers with critical, restricted and confidential data. There must be a weekly review of logs to monitor the number of login attempts made by users. Server, firewall, and critical system logs should be reviewed frequently. Where possible, automated review should be enabled and alerts should be transmitted to the administrator when a serious security intrusion is detected. Access to the network and servers and systems should be achieved by individual and unique logins, and should require authentication. Authentication includes the use of passwords, smart cards, biometrics, or other recognized forms of authentication. This policy is the access control policy. It prevents unauthorized access to critical data. A large hospital like any organization today uses computers to store its information. The classification of its data is a very important goal to protect it from threats like viruses, Trojans, worms, spy ware, ad ware and hackers. Natural disasters and incompetent employees are another type of threats to the hospital’s data. A proper information security policy can protect the organization’s critical data from any external or internal threat. Bibliography Allen, Julia H. (2001). The CERT Guide to System and Network Security Practices. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley. 0-201-73723-X. Krutz, Ronald L. ; Russell Dean Vines (2003). The CISSP Prep Guide, Gold Edition, Indianapolis, IN: Wiley. 0-471-26802-X. Layton, Timothy P. (2007). Information Security: Design, Implementation, Measurement, and Compliance. Boca Raton, FL: Auerbach publications. 978-0-8493-7087-8. McNab, Chris (2004). Network Security Assessment. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly. 0-596-00611-X. Peltier, Thomas R. (2001). Information Security Risk Analysis. Boca Raton, FL: Auerbach publications. 0-8493-0880-1.

What is an Anti-Villain (With Definitions and Examples)

What is an Antis) What is an Antis) A Song of Ice and Fire has held the hearts of fantasy-readers for the past 20 years, and Marvel movies have been dominating movie screens for a decade. So you might be wondering: what makes these franchises so compelling? The answer? Anti-villains.These days, people want more than black and white characters (protagonists who are inherently good and antagonists who are inherently bad). They want flawed heroes who struggle to carry out their goals, and complex villains with backstories and motives that show their humanity. Enter: anti-heroes and anti-villains. In other words, characters who defy their literary conventions.This post will cover the latter character type, and we’ll start by answering the question... What's an "anti-villain" and why are they so popular these days? What is an anti-villain?Anti-villains have noble characteristics, values, and goals, but how they strive for those goals is often questionable - or downright abhorrent. Like traditional villains, anti-villains stand in the way of the hero’s goal. But unlike a traditional â€Å"bad guy,† the anti-villain isn’t necessarily evil. Starting to wonder about every villain you’ve ever read? What was Maleficent’s childhood like? Did Bane just need a hug? Perhaps the Sheriff of Nottingham was just misunderstood?To help you plot out your own morally grey characters, check out the following helpful blog posts all about crafting memorable characters.Character Development: How to Write Characters Your Readers Won't Forget 9 Common Types of Fantasy Characters (With Examples) How to Write a Compelling Character Arc 12 Character Archetypes Every Writer Should Know How to Create a Character Profile: the Ultimate Guide (with Template)Did we miss any major anti-villains you think deserve a mention! Drop their name - or any other thoughts or questions - in the comments below!

The War for Whom Essay Example

The War for Whom Essay Example The War for Whom Essay The War for Whom Essay The Second World War was the most destructive armed conflict on the planet since the dawn of mankind.   It is basically a continuation of the First World War where a disgruntled Germany attempted to fight back, re-invaded what it lost in the past, and attempted to occupy more land to control the entire European continent.   It lasted from 1939 to 1945 and was fought between Allies led by the United States and Axis powers led by Germany.   The Allies were not organized as one body in the beginning since they wanted to abstain from war, but as Germany occupied more countries, eventually France and Britain became involved.   And after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, eventually even the United States, as hesitant as it was to join a European conflict, joined Britain and France.   The Soviet Union under Stalin also tried to avoid a war with Germany and Stalin himself was doubtful at first when Hitler started to attack parts of the Soviet Union, but eventually the Soviets joined the Allies in a war against Germany, Japan and Italy, united by the ideology of Fascism or Far Right extremism.In 1941, Franklin D. Roosevelt of the United States called the Allies the â€Å"United Nations,† which eventually developed later into the current United Nations (Wikipedia, Allies of World War II†).   There were many other less powerful countries that joined the Allies, including Canada which sustained Britain with much-needed supplies during its most desperate times.   And even humble nations such as the Philippines joined the Allies in fending off the Japanese who occupied much of South East Asia, East Asia and the Pacific Islands.   The Axis powers under Germany and Italy were able to control Western Europe, except Britain, and much of Eastern Europe, except the Northern and Eastern parts of the Soviet Union.   The Axis powers were also able to occupy North Africa.   However, in the end, the Allies defeated Germany and Italy in Europe; and after the United States bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki with nuclear weapons, the first ever to be used, Japan surrendered unconditionally, ending World War II in 1945.The CauseThe East Asian front and Pacific Theater of World War II began with Japan’s aggressive attacks against China, Mongolia and the Soviet Union.   However, in the European theater, Germany’s defeat after World War I led to much disgruntlement among the German people which prompted them to take vengeance through Adolf Hitler (Wikipedia, Axis Powers).Britain, Italy, France and the United States prepared the Treaty of Versailles, which dictated conditions that Germany had to accept after being defeated in World War I.   Under this treaty, which Germany thought to be harsh and unfair, they were explicitly blamed as the cause of the First World War.   They also had to pay 6.6 billion Sterling Pounds to other countries that were damaged during the First World War as reparations.   The German armed f orces were also dismantled, and it was limited to a harmless, puny army and six ships for their navy.   They were not allowed to have submarines, airplanes or military battle tanks.   German troops were also not allowed to occupy the â€Å"Rhineland,† the area along the Rhine River bordering the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Belgium in the West.   The Treaty also took away German territory which was awarded to other countries.   Unification with Austria was also not allowed.However, the treaty was too much for the German people (History on the Net.com, World War Two Causes).   They suffered much during the 1920s and could not even afford basic necessities such as food, clothing and shelter, which were all very expensive to the average German.   Thus, they could not pay back the billions of pounds demanded of them.   It was here where an art-school reject named Adolf Hitler grabbed the opportunity to take power by not only promising to rid Germany of the Treaty of Versailles but also to restore German pride.   It was because of these promises that Germans hailed Hitler.Consequently, in 1933, Hitler moved up as Chancellor.   He then secretly developed the German armed forces by requiring service in the German military which increased the strength of the German army.   Hitler also ordered the manufacture of new military aircraft and warships.   He eventually remilitarized the Rhineland in 1936 and forged alliances with Italy under Benito Mussolini, through the Rome-Berlin Axis Pact, and Japan, through the Anti-Comitern Pact.   Then in 1938, Hitler violated again another condition of the Treaty of Versailles.   He invaded Austria and forced its unification with Germany.Meanwhile, France and Britain did not do anything since they were fearful of communist expansion from Russia and believed that a mighty Germany could prevent communism from spreading westward.   Hitler took advantage of their fear by demanding more.   This time he wanted Czechoslovakia’s Sudetenland, and since Britain wanted to avert war, they gave in to Hitler’s demands and awarded it to him.   But to add insult to injury, Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia in 1939 after Britain thought that he would end his expansionist campaign.   Again Britain and France did nothing to aid Czechoslovakia.   Within the same year, Hitler invaded Poland, and this time Britain and France had to declare war.   World War II in Europe officially began.AftermathThe communist Soviet Union would eventually become uneasy allies of the capitalist governments of Britain, France and the United States, in order to defeat Hitler.   But after the Soviets occupied a defeated Germany, they refused to leave.   East Berlin and East Germany was occupied by the Soviets under communist rule while West Germany was occupied by the capitalist allies.   The Soviets also occupied several Eastern European nations, and this became the so-called †Å"Eastern bloc,† dividing Europe with an imaginary â€Å"Iron Curtain.†The unconditional surrender of Japan in 1945 also led the United States to occupy most of Japan.   The Soviets only took some islands from Japan, and the country became a capitalist nation under the tutelage of the American government (Wikipedia, World War II).However, communism spread in Korea.   Ã‚  In the 1950s, North Korea invaded South Korea.   The Americans sent troops to aid South Korea, but the North was protected by China and the Soviet Union.   Consequently, it resulted in a stalemate, and the country was divided into two after a ceasefire agreement.The United States and the Soviet Union also developed a â€Å"Cold War,† where no actual warfare took place; only intimidation, competition, propaganda and threats took place.   Allies of the United States were under NATO while Soviet allies were under the Warsaw pact.   Later, aggression between the two nations led to the Cub an Missile Crisis, where Soviet nuclear warheads were transported to Cuba for delivery to the United States.   The US was on the brink of a nuclear war, but eventually the Soviets backed off, the Iron Curtain collapsed, and the Cold War ended.Allies of World War II. Wikipedia.   4 Aug 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_IIAxis Powers. Wikipedia.   4 Aug 2010.   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powersWorld War II. Wikipedia, 4 Aug 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIWorld War Two Causes. History on the Net.com.   5 Feb. 2010.   Retrieved on 4 Aug 2010.   historyonthenet.com/WW2/causes.htm

A Practitioner's Handbook Speech or Presentation

A Practitioner's Handbook - Speech or Presentation Example Hope this exercise was fun and fruitful. Now we shall engage in a discussion of the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test which, apart from the Word Attack exercise conducted, examines various other aspects of an individual’s reading ability.I shall begin my speech by explaining to you what The Woodcock Reading Mastery Test actually is. The Woodcock Reading Mastery Test is a â€Å"norm-referenced† series of assessments that enables assessors to determine the reading achievements and abilities of individuals (Rathvon, 2004). The test is administered on an individual basis and is diagnostic in nature. Basically, the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test measures the â€Å"reading readiness† of individuals. It primarily targets individuals who have difficulty in reading. The purpose of this test goes beyond the general aim of identifying reading abilities of the candidate as it highlights the individuals’ strengths and weaknesses in particular areas of reading so that target ed action may be taken. It allows specific strategies to be devised for students who have special needs in reading. Particular attention is devoted to ELL learners whose reading abilities are determined by this test. Not only does this test allow for an evaluation of the candidate but also the institution or school’s reading programs.   The history of the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test can be traced back to 1973 when Dr. Richard Woodcock laid the first foundations of the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test   (Rathvon, 2004).... is a â€Å"norm-referenced† series of assessments that enables assessors to determine the reading achievements and abilities of individuals (Rathvon, 2004). The test is administered on an individual basis and is diagnostic in nature. Basically, the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test measures the â€Å"reading readiness† of individuals. It primarily targets individuals who have difficulty in reading. The purpose of this test goes beyond the general aim of identifying reading abilities of the candidate as it highlights the individuals’ strengths and weaknesses in particular areas of reading so that targeted action may be taken. It allows specific strategies to be devised for students who have special needs in reading. Particular attention is devoted to ELL learners whose reading abilities are determined by this test. Not only does this test allow for an evaluation of the candidate but also the institution or school’s reading programs. The history of the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test can be traced back to 1973 when Dr. Richard Woodcock laid the first foundations of the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test (Rathvon, 2004). This test could be taken by children from kindergarten through the twelfth grade which was a rather broad target segment for this assessment (Rathvon, 2004). This test was best suited for ESL candidates. Furthermore, the test involved short intervals and comprised of 5 subtests including the Word Attack, Word ID, Letter ID Passage Comprehension and Word Comprehension. This test was later revised in 1998 whereby Forms G and H were introduced which were not parallel in nature (Rathvon, 2004). These two forms allowed the assessor to test and re-test as they were non-overlapping in nature. Therefore, as you may think, this assessment was highly thorough in nature.

Social Impacts of the War in Iraq Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Social Impacts of the War in Iraq - Essay Example The psychological effects associated with war are far-reaching and still felt today. War is generally depressing and brings with it devastating repercussions especially to the children of war. The politics of war has brought with it more division in the country along the lines of pro and anti-war campaigns. This coupled with the already prevalent gap between the rich and the poor has expanded the social and economic inequalities in the society. The Bush Administration justified this war by claiming that there was evidence that Iraq had developed and been planning to use weapons of mass destruction. This claim was strengthened by the country’s history of aggression towards its neighbors such as the use of poison gas against Iran. The fact that the country had previously sponsored international terrorism caused the US government to intervene as a precautious measure. The government took it upon itself to enforce international law since the Iraqi dictatorship under Saddam Hussein had violated UN Security Council resolutions (DeFronzo 2010). The Iraqi war brought with it a lot of mixed reactions with civilians having different opinions on the need for this war. Anti-war activists considered this war to be an ill-conceived lunge for control of Iraqi oil by the US government. Advancement towards the long-standing US policy of gaining control of the world’s oil reserves onto which the country’s power, industry and consumerism rely on. This was a colonial war opposed by the rest of the world because of the previous experiences either as the conquerors or colonialists. This was seen as an imperialistic move aimed at securing the control of oil and by doing so, achieving global dominance.

Children with special Needs( Disabilites) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Children with special Needs( Disabilites) - Essay Example It argues for the functional development approach in empowering these special children. It acknowledges the significant role of government in breakthroughs made in Special Education and which have had positive impact on the lives of special children. Statistics Let us begin by looking at the population (children with disabilities) that we are dealing with. According to World Health Organization, CITATION WEA11 \l 1033 the figures are as follows: 650 million people in the world are disabled; 80% of disabled people live in developing countries; 20% of the world’s poorest people are disabled, and tend to be regarded in their own communities as the most disadvantaged; 1 in every 10 children around the world copes with a disability; and. Only 2–3% of disabled children in poor countries go to school. Disability vs. Special Need The most accepted definition of â€Å"child with a disability† is found in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). CITATION WEA 11 \l 1033 A â€Å"child with a disability,† is a child whose educational performance must be adversely affected due to the disability. CITATION WEA11 \l 1033 IDEA is considered to be the cornerstone of special education, as it required public schools to provide "free appropriate public education" to students with a wide range of disabilities, including â€Å"physical handicaps, mental retardation, speech, vision and language problems, emotional and behavioral problems, and other learning disorders.† It also mandated that school districts provide such schooling in the "least restrictive environment"(LRE) possible. CITATION WEA11 \l 1033 In subsequent years, the term disability was applied to physical disability (such as paralysis, loss of limb, deafness), mental disability (such as depression or post-traumatic stress disorder) or intellectual disability (such as a learning disability). Disabilities could be at birth or a result of an accident or disease. Disabilities c ould range from moderate to significant and can be temporary or permanent. CITATION WEA11 \l 1033 To many, disability and special need may have no significant difference. However, children with disabilities have suffered from exclusion or bear a stigma, simply by being labeled â€Å"child with disability. â€Å"Disabled people are typically shunned, isolated and stigmatized by their community. Families hide disabled children and exclude them from family and community activities.† CITATION WEA11 \l 1033 . What educators, psychologists, and governments have been trying to do is, first and foremost, to remove the stigma that comes with the term â€Å"disability,† secondly, to reorient individuals and communities to deal with these special children in a normal environment, and thirdly, to support and help empower them. To my mind, the term â€Å"children with needs† transcends barriers and demonstrates the progress in the field of Special Education. The term acknow ledges that a special child, like every child develops in a unique way, and will develop and interact with his environment at the appropriate level. With this understanding of typical child development, a child may have a special need when he or she has a delay in one or more